Ce lege și ce instanță pot fi relevante pentru accident

01Trei întrebări înainte de un proces

02Datele care pot schimba analiza

03Roma II: de unde pornește alegerea legii

04Ce stabilește legea aleasă și ce rămâne separat

05O convenție internațională poate schimba punctul de plecare

06Când poate fi relevantă o instanță din România

07Reprezentantul și BAAR nu se confundă cu asigurătorul

08Danemarca, Lugano și Regatul Unit: instrumente diferite

09Datele de aplicare nu sunt termenele cererii mele

10Ce lămuresc hotărârile citate

11Dreptul străin și documentele: cum pregătesc o verificare utilă

!De reținut

#Surse și trimiteri

1. 1
   Sursa 1: Regulamentul (CE) nr. 864/2007 — Roma IINormă · Roma II, art. 4 alin. (1); considerentele 16–18; PDF JO pp. 2–3, 5. · forma din 11 iulie 2007Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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   Art. 4 alin. (1); PDF p. 5 · limba originalului: en

   Unless otherwise provided for in this Regulation, the law applicable to a non-contractual obligation arising out of a tort/delict shall be the law of the country in which the damage occurs irrespective of the country in which the event giving rise to the damage occurred and irrespective of the country or countries in which the indirect consequences of that event occur.

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   Considerentul 16 · limba originalului: en

   (16) Uniform rules should enhance the foreseeability of court decisions and ensure a reasonable balance between the interests of the person claimed to be liable and the per- son who has sustained damage. A connection with the country where the direct damage occurred (lex loci damni) strikes a fair balance between the interests of the person claimed to be liable and the person sustaining the dam- age, and also reflects the modern approach to civil liabil- ity and the development of systems of strict liability.

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   Considerentul 17 · limba originalului: en

   (17) The law applicable should be determined on the basis of where the damage occurs, regardless of the country or countries in which the indirect consequences could occur. Accordingly, in cases of personal injury or damage to property, the country in which the damage occurs should be the country where the injury was sustained or the prop- erty was damaged respectively.

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   Considerentul 18 · limba originalului: en

   (18) The general rule in this Regulation should be the lex loci damni provided for in Article 4(1). Article 4(2) should be seen as an exception to this general principle, creating a special connection where the parties have their habitual residence in the same country. Article 4(3) should be understood as an ‘escape clause’ from Article 4(1) and (2), where it is clear from all the circumstances of the case that the tort/delict is manifestly more closely connected with another country.

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2. 2
   Sursa 2: Regulamentul (CE) nr. 864/2007 — Roma IINormă · Roma II, art. 4 alin. (2)–(3), PDF p. 5. · forma din 11 iulie 2007Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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   Art. 4 alin. (2); PDF p. 5 · limba originalului: en

   However, where the person claimed to be liable and the person sustaining damage both have their habitual residence in the same country at the time when the damage occurs, the law of that country shall apply.

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   Art. 4 alin. (3); PDF p. 5 · limba originalului: en

   Where it is clear from all the circumstances of the case that the tort/delict is manifestly more closely connected with a country other than that indicated in paragraphs 1 or 2, the law of that other country shall apply. A manifestly closer connection with another country might be based in particular on a pre-existing relationship between the parties, such as a contract, that is closely connected with the tort/delict in question.

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3. 3
   Sursa 3: Regulamentul (CE) nr. 864/2007 — Roma IINormă · Roma II, art. 1 alin. (1)–(4), considerentul 40, art. 3 și art. 14, PDF pp. 4–5, 7. · forma din 11 iulie 2007Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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   Art. 3; PDF p. 5 · limba originalului: en

   Any law specified by this Regulation shall be applied whether or not it is the law of a Member State.

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   Article 1 · limba originalului: en

   Article 1 Scope 1. This Regulation shall apply, in situations involving a con- flict of laws, to non-contractual obligations in civil and commer- cial matters. It shall not apply, in particular, to revenue, customs or administrative matters or to the liability of the State for acts and omissions in the exercise of State authority (acta iure imperii). 2. The following shall be excluded from the scope of this Regulation: (a) non-contractual obligations arising out of family relation- ships and relationships deemed by the law applicable to such relationships to have comparable effects including mainte- nance obligations; (b) non-contractual obligations arising out of matrimonial prop- erty regimes, property regimes of relationships deemed by the law applicable to such relationships to have comparable effects to marriage, and wills and succession; (c) non-contractual obligations arising under bills of exchange, cheques and promissory notes and other negotiable instru- ments to the extent that the obligations under such other negotiable instruments arise out of their negotiable character; (d) non-contractual obligations arising out of the law of com- panies and other bodies corporate or unincorporated regard- ing matters such as the creation, by registration or otherwise, legal capacity, internal organisation or winding-up of com- panies and other bodies corporate or unincorporated, the personal liability of officers and members as such for the obligations of the company or body and the personal liabil- ity of auditors to a company or to its members in the statu- tory audits of accounting documents; (e) non-contractual obligations arising out of the relations between the settlors, trustees and beneficiaries of a trust cre- ated voluntarily; (f) non-contractual obligations arising out of nuclear damage; (g) non-contractual obligations arising out of violations of pri- vacy and rights relating to personality, including defamation. 3. This Regulation shall not apply to evidence and procedure, without prejudice to Articles 21 and 22. 4. For the purposes of this Regulation, ‘Member State’ shall mean any Member State other than Denmark.

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   Article 14 · limba originalului: en

   Article 14 Freedom of choice 1. The parties may agree to submit non-contractual obliga- tions to the law of their choice: (a) by an agreement entered into after the event giving rise to the damage occurred; or (b) where all the parties are pursuing a commercial activity, also by an agreement freely negotiated before the event giving rise to the damage occurred. The choice shall be expressed or demonstrated with reasonable certainty by the circumstances of the case and shall not preju- dice the rights of third parties. 2. Where all the elements relevant to the situation at the time when the event giving rise to the damage occurs are located in a country other than the country whose law has been chosen, the choice of the parties shall not prejudice the application of provi- sions of the law of that other country which cannot be dero- gated from by agreement. 3. Where all the elements relevant to the situation at the time when the event giving rise to the damage occurs are located in one or more of the Member States, the parties’ choice of the law applicable other than that of a Member State shall not prejudice the application of provisions of Community law, where appro- priate as implemented in the Member State of the forum, which cannot be derogated from by agreement.

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   Considerentul 40 · limba originalului: en

   (40) In accordance with Articles 1 and 2 of the Protocol on the position of Denmark, annexed to the Treaty on Euro- pean Union and to the Treaty establishing the European Community, Denmark does not take part in the adoption of this Regulation, and is not bound by it or subject to its application,

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4. 4
   Sursa 4: Regulamentul (CE) nr. 864/2007 — Roma IINormă · Roma II, art. 15 lit. a)–h), PDF p. 7. · forma din 11 iulie 2007Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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   Art. 15; PDF p. 7 · limba originalului: en

   The law applicable to non-contractual obligations under this Regulation shall govern in particular: (a) the basis and extent of liability, including the determination of persons who may be held liable for acts performed by them; (b) the grounds for exemption from liability, any limitation of liability and any division of liability; (c) the existence, the nature and the assessment of damage or the remedy claimed; (d) within the limits of powers conferred on the court by its procedural law, the measures which a court may take to prevent or terminate injury or damage or to ensure the provision of compensation; (e) the question whether a right to claim damages or a remedy may be transferred, including by inheritance; (f) persons entitled to compensation for damage sustained personally; (g) liability for the acts of another person; (h) the manner in which an obligation may be extinguished and rules of prescription and limitation, including rules relating to the commencement, interruption and suspension of a period of prescription or limitation.

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5. 5
   Sursa 5: Regulamentul (CE) nr. 864/2007 — Roma IINormă · Roma II, art. 16–17 și 26, PDF pp. 7–8. · forma din 11 iulie 2007Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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   Art. 17; PDF p. 7 · limba originalului: en

   In assessing the conduct of the person claimed to be liable, account shall be taken, as a matter of fact and in so far as is appropriate, of the rules of safety and conduct which were in force at the place and time of the event giving rise to the liability.

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   Article 16 · limba originalului: en

   Article 16 Overriding mandatory provisions Nothing in this Regulation shall restrict the application of the provisions of the law of the forum in a situation where they are mandatory irrespective of the law otherwise applicable to the non-contractual obligation.

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   Article 26 · limba originalului: en

   Article 26 Public policy of the forum The application of a provision of the law of any country speci- fied by this Regulation may be refused only if such application is manifestly incompatible with the public policy (ordre public) of the forum.

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6. 6
   Sursa 6: Regulamentul (CE) nr. 864/2007 — Roma IINormă · Roma II, art. 18, PDF p. 7. · forma din 11 iulie 2007Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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   Art. 18; PDF p. 7 · limba originalului: en

   The person having suffered damage may bring his or her claim directly against the insurer of the person liable to provide compensation if the law applicable to the non-contractual obligation or the law applicable to the insurance contract so provides.

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7. 7
   Sursa 7: Regulamentul (CE) nr. 864/2007 — Roma IINormă · Roma II, art. 1 alin. (3), art. 21–22, PDF pp. 4, 8. · forma din 11 iulie 2007Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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   Article 1 · limba originalului: en

   Article 1 Scope 1. This Regulation shall apply, in situations involving a con- flict of laws, to non-contractual obligations in civil and commer- cial matters. It shall not apply, in particular, to revenue, customs or administrative matters or to the liability of the State for acts and omissions in the exercise of State authority (acta iure imperii). 2. The following shall be excluded from the scope of this Regulation: (a) non-contractual obligations arising out of family relation- ships and relationships deemed by the law applicable to such relationships to have comparable effects including mainte- nance obligations; (b) non-contractual obligations arising out of matrimonial prop- erty regimes, property regimes of relationships deemed by the law applicable to such relationships to have comparable effects to marriage, and wills and succession; (c) non-contractual obligations arising under bills of exchange, cheques and promissory notes and other negotiable instru- ments to the extent that the obligations under such other negotiable instruments arise out of their negotiable character; (d) non-contractual obligations arising out of the law of com- panies and other bodies corporate or unincorporated regard- ing matters such as the creation, by registration or otherwise, legal capacity, internal organisation or winding-up of com- panies and other bodies corporate or unincorporated, the personal liability of officers and members as such for the obligations of the company or body and the personal liabil- ity of auditors to a company or to its members in the statu- tory audits of accounting documents; (e) non-contractual obligations arising out of the relations between the settlors, trustees and beneficiaries of a trust cre- ated voluntarily; (f) non-contractual obligations arising out of nuclear damage; (g) non-contractual obligations arising out of violations of pri- vacy and rights relating to personality, including defamation. 3. This Regulation shall not apply to evidence and procedure, without prejudice to Articles 21 and 22. 4. For the purposes of this Regulation, ‘Member State’ shall mean any Member State other than Denmark.

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   Article 21 · limba originalului: en

   Article 21 Formal validity A unilateral act intended to have legal effect and relating to a non-contractual obligation shall be formally valid if it satisfies the formal requirements of the law governing the non- contractual obligation in question or the law of the country in which the act is performed.

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   Article 22 · limba originalului: en

   Article 22 Burden of proof 1. The law governing a non-contractual obligation under this Regulation shall apply to the extent that, in matters of non- contractual obligations, it contains rules which raise presump- tions of law or determine the burden of proof. 2. Acts intended to have legal effect may be proved by any mode of proof recognised by the law of the forum or by any of the laws referred to in Article 21 under which that act is for- mally valid, provided that such mode of proof can be adminis- tered by the forum.

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8. 8
   Sursa 8: Codul de procedură civilă — Legea nr. 134/2010, Portal, forma 14.12.2025Lege · Cod procedură civilă, art. 1065, 1071–1072 și 1088–1089; Portal, corp 304485, Cartea a VII-a. · forma din 14 decembrie 2025Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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   Art. 1065

   Art. 1065: Domeniul de aplicare Dispoziţiile prezentei cărţi se aplică proceselor de drept privat cu elemente de extraneitate în măsura în care prin tratatele internaţionale la care România este parte, prin dreptul Uniunii Europene sau prin legi speciale nu se prevede altfel.

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   Art. 1071

   Art. 1071: Verificarea competenţei internaţionale (1)Instanţa sesizată verifică din oficiu competenţa sa internaţională, procedând conform regulilor interne privind competenţa, iar dacă stabileşte că nu este competentă nici ea, nicio altă instanţă română, respinge cererea ca nefiind de competenţa jurisdicţiei române, sub rezerva aplicării prevederilor art. 1.070. Hotărârea instanţei este supusă recursului la instanţa ierarhic superioară. (2)Necompetenţa internaţională a instanţei române poate fi invocată în orice stare a procesului, chiar şi direct în căile de atac. Dispoziţiile art. 1.067 rămân aplicabile.

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   Art. 1072

   Art. 1072: Competenţa internă (1)Când instanţele române sunt competente potrivit dispoziţiilor cărţii de faţă, competenţa se determină conform regulilor din prezentul cod şi, după caz, a celor prevăzute în legi speciale. (2)Dacă, în aplicarea prevederilor alin. (1), nu se poate identifica instanţa competentă să judece cauza, cererea va fi îndreptată, urmând regulile de competenţă materială, la Judecătoria Sectorului 1 al Municipiului Bucureşti, respectiv la Tribunalul Bucureşti.

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   Art. 1088

   Art. 1088: Legea forului În procesul civil internaţional instanţa aplică legea procesuală română, sub rezerva unor dispoziţii exprese contrare.

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   Art. 1089

   Art. 1089: Calificare Calificarea unei probleme ca fiind de drept procesual sau de drept substanţial se face conform legii române, sub rezerva instituţiilor juridice fără corespondent în dreptul român.

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9. 9
   Sursa 9: Regulamentul (CE) nr. 864/2007 — Roma IINormă · Roma II, art. 28, PDF p. 8. · forma din 11 iulie 2007Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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   Article 28 · limba originalului: en

   Article 28 Relationship with existing international conventions 1. This Regulation shall not prejudice the application of inter- national conventions to which one or more Member States are parties at the time when this Regulation is adopted and which lay down conflict-of-law rules relating to non-contractual obligations. 2. However, this Regulation shall, as between Member States, take precedence over conventions concluded exclusively between two or more of them in so far as such conventions concern mat- ters governed by this Regulation.

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10. 10
    Sursa 10: Convenția de la Haga din 4 mai 1971 privind legea aplicabilă accidentelor de circulație — textDocument · Convenția de la Haga din 4 mai 1971, art. 1–4, 6–9 și 11; text oficial HCCH în HTML. · forma din 4 mai 1971Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Extras din corpul paginii primare · limba originalului: en

    CONVENTION ON THE LAW APPLICABLE TO TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS (Concluded 4 May 1971) The States signatory to the present Convention, Desiring to establish common provisions on the law applicable to civil non-contractual liability arising from traffic accidents, Have resolved to conclude a Convention to this effect and have agreed upon the following provisions - Article 1 The present Convention shall determine the law applicable to civil non-contractual liability arising from traffic accidents, in whatever kind of proceeding it is sought to enforce this liability. For the purpose of this Convention, a traffic accident shall mean an accident which involves one or more vehicles, whether motorised or not, and is connected with traffic on the public highway, in grounds open to the public or in private grounds to which certain persons have a right of access. Article 2 The present Convention shall not apply - (1) to the liability of manufacturers, sellers or repairers of vehicles; (2) to the responsibility of the owner, or of any other person, for the maintenance of a way open to traffic or for the safety of its users; (3) to vicarious liability, with the exception of the liability of an owner of a vehicle, or of a principal, or of a master; (4) to recourse actions among persons liable; (5) to recourse actions and to subrogation in so far as insurance companies are concerned; (6) to actions and recourse actions by or against social insurance institutions, other similar institutions and public automobile guarantee funds, and to any exemption from liability laid down by the law which governs these institutions. Article 3 The applicable law is the internal law of the State where the accident occurred. Article 4 Subject to Article 5, the following exceptions are made to the provisions of Article 3 - a) where only one vehicle is involved in the accident and it is registered in a State other than that where the accident occurred, the internal law of the State of registration is applicable to determine liability > - towards the driver, owner or any other person having control of or an interest in the vehicle irrespective of their habitual residence, > - towards a victim who is a passenger and whose habitual residence is in a State other than that where the accident occurred, > - towards a victim who is outside the vehicle at the place of the accident and whose habitual residence is in the State of registration. Where there are two or more victims the applicable law is determined separately for each of them. b) Where two or more vehicles are involved in the accident, the provisions of a) are applicable only if all the vehicles are registered in the same State. c) Where one or more persons outside the vehicle or vehicles at the place of the accident are involved in the accident and may be liable, the provisions of a) and b) are applicable only if all these persons have their habitual residence in the State of registration. The same is true even though these persons are also victims of the accident. Article 5 The law applicable under Articles 3 and 4 to liability towards a passenger who is a victim governs liability for damage to goods carried in the vehicle and which either belong to the passenger or have been entrusted to his care. The law applicable under Articles 3 and 4 to liability towards the owner of the vehicle governs liability for damage to goods carried in the vehicle other than goods covered in the preceding paragraph. Liability for damage to goods outside the vehicle or vehicles is governed by the internal law of the State where the accident occurred. However the liability for damage to the personal belongings of the victim outside the vehicle or vehicles is governed by the internal law of the State of registration when that law would be applicable to the liability towards the victim according to Article 4. Article 6 In the case of vehicles which have no registration or which are registered in several States the internal law of the State in which they are habitually stationed shall replace the law of the State of registration. The same shall be true if neither the owner nor the person in possession or control nor the driver of the vehicle has his habitual residence in the State of registration at the time of the accident. Article 7 Whatever may be the applicable law, in determining liability account shall be taken of rules relating to the control and safety of traffic which were in force at the place and time of the accident. Article 8 The applicable law shall determine, in particular - (1) the basis and extent of liability; (2) the grounds for exemption from liability, any limitation of liability, and any division of liability; (3) the existence and kinds of injury or damage which may have to be compensated; (4) the kinds and extent of damages; (5) the question whether a right to damages may be assigned or inherited; (6) the persons who have suffered damage and who may claim damages in their own right; (7) the liability of a principal for the acts of his agent or of a master for the acts of his servant; (8) rules of prescription and limitation, including rules relating to the commencement of a period of prescription or limitation, and the interruption and suspension of this period. Article 9 Persons who have suffered injury or damage shall have a right of direct action against the insurer of the person liable if they have such a right under the law applicable according to Articles 3, 4 or 5. If the law of the State of registration is applicable under Articles 4 or 5 and that law provides no right of direct action, such a right shall nevertheless exist if it is provided by the internal law of the State where the accident occurred. If neither of these laws provides any such right it shall exist if it is provided by the law governing the contract of insurance. Article 10 The application of any of the laws declared applicable by the present Convention may be refused only when it is manifestly contrary to public policy ("ordre public"). Article 11 The application of Articles 1 to 10 of this Convention shall be independent of any requirement of reciprocity. The Convention shall be applied even if the applicable law is not that of a Contracting State.

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11. 11
    Sursa 11: HCCH — tabelul statutului Convenției din 1971 privind accidentele de circulațieGhid oficial · Tabel HCCH pentru Convenția nr. 19: antet «Last update: 4-VI-2014», lista statelor și coloanele S/R/A/EIF, consultat 07.10.2026. · forma din 4 iunie 2014Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Extras din corpul paginii primare · limba originalului: en

    # Status table ## 19: Convention of 4 May 1971 on the Law Applicable to Traffic Accidents Entry into force: 3-VI-1975 * * * View and/or print full status report Last update: 4-VI-2014 Number of Contracting Parties to this Convention: 21 The expression “Contracting Party” covers both cases in which the Convention has, and cases in which the Convention has not yet, entered into force for that Party following the deposit of its instrument of ratification, accession, acceptance or approval (see column EIF in the chart). * * * Contracting Parties and Signatories to this Convention that are also Members of the HCCH (i.e., the Organisation) are in bold; Contracting Parties and Signatories that are not Members of the HCCH are in italics. Contracting Party | S ^{1} | R/A/S^{2} | Type^{3} | EIF^{4} | EXT^{5} | Auth^{6} | Res/D/N/DC^{7} --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Austria | 6-IX-1973 | 12-III-1975 | R | 3-VI-1975 | | | Belarus | | 16-IV-1999 | A* | 15-VI-1999 | | | Belgium | 4-V-1971 | 4-IV-1975 | R | 3-VI-1975 | | | Bosnia and Herzegovina | | 23-VIII-1993 | Su | 6-III-1992 | | | Croatia | | 23-IV-1993 | Su | 8-X-1991 | | | Czechia | | 28-I-1993 | Su | 1-I-1993 | | | D 19 France | 4-V-1971 | 7-II-1972 | R | 3-VI-1975 | | | Latvia | | 16-VIII-2000 | A* | 15-X-2000 | | | Lithuania | | 23-I-2002 | A* | 24-III-2002 | | | Luxembourg | 3-VI-1971 | 14-X-1980 | R | 13-XII-1980 | | | Montenegro | | 18-III-2007 | Su | 3-VI-2006 | | | Morocco | | 26-IV-2010 | A* | 25-VI-2010 | | | Netherlands (Kingdom of the) | 4-V-1971 | 31-X-1978 | R | 30-XII-1978 | 4 | | D North Macedonia | | 20-IX-1993 | Su | 17-XI-1991 | | | Poland | | 29-III-2002 | A* | 28-V-2002 | | | Portugal | 4-V-1971 | | | | | | Serbia | | 29-IV-2001 | Su | 27-IV-1992 | | | Slovakia | | 15-III-1993 | Su | 1-I-1993 | | | D 19 Slovenia | | 8-VI-1992 | Su | 25-VI-1991 | | | Spain | 21-VIII-1986 | 22-IX-1987 | R | 21-XI-1987 | | | Switzerland | 3-XII-1980 | 3-XI-1986 | R | 2-I-1987 | | | Ukraine | | 19-X-2011 | A* | 18-XII-2011 | | | * * * 1) S = Signature 2) R/A/Su = Ratification, Accession or Succession 3) Type = R: Ratification; A: Accession; A*: Accession giving rise to an acceptance procedure; click on A* for details of acceptances of the accession; A^{EU}: Accession by the European Union A^{EU}*: State bound as a result of the accession by the European Union A**: Objection C: Continuation; Su: Succession; Den: Denunciation; 4) EIF = Entry into force 5) EXT = Extensions of application 6) Authorities per Convention = Designation of Authorities 7) Res/D/N/DC = Reservations, declarations, notifications or depositary communications

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12. 12
    Sursa 12: Regulamentul (UE) nr. 1215/2012 — Bruxelles I bis, consolidare 26.02.2015Normă · Bruxelles I bis, art. 1 și art. 4–6; consolidare 26.02.2015, PDF pp. 10–12. · forma din 26 februarie 2015Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Article 1 · limba originalului: en

    Article 1 1. This Regulation shall apply in civil and commercial matters whatever the nature of the court or tribunal. It shall not extend, in particular, to revenue, customs or administrative matters or to the liability of the State for acts and omissions in the exercise of State authority (acta iure imperii). 2. This Regulation shall not apply to: (a) the status or legal capacity of natural persons, rights in property arising out of a matrimonial relationship or out of a relationship deemed by the law applicable to such relationship to have comparable effects to marriage; (b) bankruptcy, proceedings relating to the winding-up of insolvent companies or other legal persons, judicial arrangements, compositions and analogous proceedings; (c) social security; (d) arbitration; (e) maintenance obligations arising from a family relationship, parentage, marriage or affinity; (f) wills and succession, including maintenance obligations arising by reason of death.

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    Article 4 · limba originalului: en

    Article 4 1. Subject to this Regulation, persons domiciled in a Member State shall, whatever their nationality, be sued in the courts of that Member State. 2. Persons who are not nationals of the Member State in which they are domiciled shall be governed by the rules of jurisdiction applicable to nationals of that Member State.

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    Article 5 · limba originalului: en

    Article 5 1. Persons domiciled in a Member State may be sued in the courts of another Member State only by virtue of the rules set out in Sections 2 to 7 of this Chapter. 2. In particular, the rules of national jurisdiction of which the Member States are to notify the Commission pursuant to point (a) of Article 76(1) shall not be applicable as against the persons referred to in paragraph 1.

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    Article 6 · limba originalului: en

    Article 6 1. If the defendant is not domiciled in a Member State, the juris­ diction of the courts of each Member State shall, subject to Article 18(1), Article 21(2) and Articles 24 and 25, be determined by the law of that Member State. 2. As against such a defendant, any person domiciled in a Member State may, whatever his nationality, avail himself in that Member State of the rules of jurisdiction there in force, and in particular those of which the Member States are to notify the Commission pursuant to point (a) of Article 76(1), in the same way as nationals of that Member State.

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13. 13
    Sursa 13: Regulamentul (UE) nr. 1215/2012 — Bruxelles I bis, consolidare 26.02.2015Normă · Bruxelles I bis, art. 7 pct. 2–3; PDF p. 12. · forma din 26 februarie 2015Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Article 7 · limba originalului: en

    Article 7 A person domiciled in a Member State may be sued in another Member State: (1) (a) in matters relating to a contract, in the courts for the place of performance of the obligation in question; (b) for the purpose of this provision and unless otherwise agreed, the place of performance of the obligation in question shall be: — in the case of the sale of goods, the place in a Member State where, under the contract, the goods were delivered or should have been delivered, — in the case of the provision of services, the place in a Member State where, under the contract, the services were provided or should have been provided; (c) if point (b) does not apply then point (a) applies; (2) in matters relating to tort, delict or quasi-delict, in the courts for the place where the harmful event occurred or may occur; (3) as regards a civil claim for damages or restitution which is based on an act giving rise to criminal proceedings, in the court seised of those proceedings, to the extent that that court has jurisdiction under its own law to entertain civil proceedings; (4) as regards a civil claim for the recovery, based on ownership, of a cultural object as defined in point 1 of Article 1 of Directive 93/7/EEC initiated by the person claiming the right to recover such an object, in the courts for the place where the cultural object is situated at the time when the court is seised; (5) as regards a dispute arising out of the operations of a branch, agency or other establishment, in the courts for the place where the branch, agency or other establishment is situated; (6) as regards a dispute brought against a settlor, trustee or beneficiary of a trust created by the operation of a statute, or by a written instrument, or created orally and evidenced in writing, in the courts of the Member State in which the trust is domiciled; (7) as regards a dispute concerning the payment of remuneration claimed in respect of the salvage of a cargo or freight, in the court under the authority of which the cargo or freight in question: (a) has been arrested to secure such payment; or (b) could have been so arrested, but bail or other security has been given; provided that this provision shall apply only if it is claimed that the defendant has an interest in the cargo or freight or had such an interest at the time of salvage.

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14. 14
    Sursa 14: Regulamentul (UE) nr. 1215/2012 — Bruxelles I bis, consolidare 26.02.2015Normă · Bruxelles I bis, art. 10–13; PDF p. 14. · forma din 26 februarie 2015Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Article 10 · limba originalului: en

    Article 10 In matters relating to insurance, jurisdiction shall be determined by this Section, without prejudice to Article 6 and point 5 of Article 7.

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    Article 11 · limba originalului: en

    Article 11 1. An insurer domiciled in a Member State may be sued: (a) in the courts of the Member State in which he is domiciled; (b) in another Member State, in the case of actions brought by the policyholder, the insured or a beneficiary, in the courts for the place where the claimant is domiciled; or (c) if he is a co-insurer, in the courts of a Member State in which proceedings are brought against the leading insurer. 2. An insurer who is not domiciled in a Member State but has a branch, agency or other establishment in one of the Member States shall, in disputes arising out of the operations of the branch, agency or establishment, be deemed to be domiciled in that Member State.

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    Article 12 · limba originalului: en

    Article 12 In respect of liability insurance or insurance of immovable property, the insurer may in addition be sued in the courts for the place where the harmful event occurred. The same applies if movable and immovable property are covered by the same insurance policy and both are adversely affected by the same contingency.

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    Article 13 · limba originalului: en

    Article 13 1. In respect of liability insurance, the insurer may also, if the law of the court permits it, be joined in proceedings which the injured party has brought against the insured. 2. Articles 10, 11 and 12 shall apply to actions brought by the injured party directly against the insurer, where such direct actions are permitted. 3. If the law governing such direct actions provides that the policy­ holder or the insured may be joined as a party to the action, the same court shall have jurisdiction over them.

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15. 15
    Sursa 15: CJUE C-463/06, FBTO Schadeverzekeringen / Odenbreit, hotărârea din 13.12.2007Hotărâre · CJCE, C-463/06, Odenbreit, 13.12.2007, pct. 21–31 și dispozitiv; în special pct. 31. · forma din 13 decembrie 2007Curtea de Justiție a Comunităților Europene · Hotărârea din cauza C-463/06 (Odenbreit) · 13 decembrie 2007 · Caracter definitiv neprecizatTextul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Punctul 21 până la dispozitiv (text primar consecutiv) · limba originalului: en

    21 It should be recalled, at the outset, that Section 3 of Chapter II of Regulation No 44/2001, containing Articles 8 to 14, provides rules of jurisdiction in matters relating to insurance, which are additional to the general rules contained in Section 1 of the same chapter of that regulation. 22 Section 3 lays down a number of rules of jurisdiction in relation to actions brought against an insurer. It provides, inter alia, that an insurer, domiciled in a Member State may be sued in the courts of the Member State where it is domiciled [Article 9(1)(a)], in the courts for the place where the plaintiff is domiciled if the action is brought by the policy holder, the insured or a beneficiary [Article 9(1)(b)] and, finally, in the courts for the place where the harmful event occurred, in respect of liability insurance or insurance of immovable property (Article 10). 23 As regards liability insurance, Article 11(2) of Regulation No 44/2001 refers back to those rules of jurisdiction in the case of actions brought by the injured party directly against the insurer. 24 Therefore, in order to reply to the question referred by the national court, it is necessary to define the scope of the reference made in Article 11(2) of Regulation No 44/2001 to Article 9(1)(b) of that regulation. It is necessary, in particular, to establish whether that reference should be interpreted as recognising only those courts designated in the latter provision, that is, those of the place of domicile of the policy holder, of the insured or of a beneficiary, as having jurisdiction to hear a direct I - 11332 FBTO SCHADEVERZEKERINGEN action brought by the injured party against the insurer, or whether that reference allows the rule of jurisdiction of the courts for the place where the plaintiff is domiciled, set out in Article 9(1)(b) of Regulation No 44/2001, to be applied to that action. 25 It is necessary to point out, in that regard, that Article 9(1)(b) does not merely attribute jurisdiction to the courts for the place where the persons listed therein are domiciled, but, on the contrary, it lays down that the courts for the place where the plaintiff is domiciled have jurisdiction, thereby giving such persons the option of suing the insurer before the courts for the place of their own domicile. 26 Thus, to interpret the reference in Article 11(2) of Regulation No 44/2001 to Article 9(1)(b) of that regulation as permitting the injured party to bring proceedings only before the courts having jurisdiction under that latter provision, that is to say, the courts for the place of domicile of the policy holder, the insured or the beneficiary, would run counter to the actual wording of Article 11(2). The reference leads to a widening of the scope of that rule to categories of plaintiff other than the policy holder, the insured or the beneficiary of the insurance contract who sue the insurer. Thus, the role of that reference is to add injured parties to the list of plaintiffs contained in Article 9(1)(b). 27 In that regard, the application of that rule of jurisdiction to a direct action brought by the injured party cannot depend upon the classification of that injured party as a 'beneficiary' within the meaning of Article 9(1)(b) of Regulation No 44/2001, since the reference to that provision in Article 11(2) thereof allows that rule of jurisdiction to be extended to such disputes without the plaintiff having to belong to one of categories in Article 9(1)(b). I - 11333 JUDGMENT OF 13. 12. 2007 — CASE C-463/06 28 That line of reasoning is also based on a teleological interpretation of the provisions at issue in the main proceedings. According to Recital 13 in the preamble to Regulation No 44/2001, the regulation aims to guarantee more favourable protection to the weaker party than the general rules of jurisdiction provide for (see, to that effect, Group Josi, paragraph 64, Société financière et industrielle du Peloux, paragraph 40, and Case 077/04 GIE Réunion européenne and Others [2005] ECR I-4509, paragraph 17). To deny the injured party the right to bring an action before the courts for the place of his own domicile would deprive him of the same protection as that afforded by the regulation to other parties regarded as weak in disputes in matters relating to insurance and would thus be contrary to the spirit of the regulation. Moreover, as the Commission correctly observes, Regulation No 44/2001 strengthened such protection as compared with the protection resulting from application of the Brussels Convention. 29 Such an interpretation is supported by the wording of Directive 2000/26 on matters relating to insurance against civil liability in respect of the use of motor vehicles, as amended — after the entry into force of Regulation No 44/2001 — by Directive 2005/14. In Directive 2000/26 the Community legislature not only provided, in Article 3, that injured parties should have a direct right of action against the insurance undertaking in the legal systems of the Member States, but also referred expressly, in Recital 16a to Articles 9(1)(b) and 11(2) of Regulation No 44/2001 in mentioning the right of injured parties to bring proceedings against the insurer in the courts for the place where they are domiciled. 30 As regards the consequences of allowing an injured party to bring a direct action against the insurer which, as is clear from the order for reference, is a controversial subject in Germany, it is necessary to point out that the application of the rule of I - 11334 FBTO SCHADEVERZEKERINGEN jurisdiction provided for by Article 9(1)(b) of Regulation No 44/2001 to such an action is not precluded by the latter's classification, in national law, as an action in tort relating to a right extrinsic to legal relations of a contractual nature. The nature of that action in national law is of no relevance for the application of the provisions of the regulation, since those rules of jurisdiction are contained in a section (namely Section 3 of Chapter II of the regulation) which concerns, in general, matters relating to insurance and is distinct from those relating to special jurisdiction in matters relating to a contract or to tort or delict (namely Section 2 of that chapter). The only condition which Article 11(2) of Regulation No 44/2001 lays down for the application of that rule of jurisdiction is that such a direct action must be permitted under the national law. 31 In light of all the foregoing considerations the reply to the question referred for a preliminary ruling must be that the reference in Article 11(2) of Regulation No 44/2001 to Article 9(1)(b) of that regulation is to be interpreted as meaning that the injured party may bring an action directly against the insurer before the courts for the place in a Member State where that injured party is domiciled, provided that a direct action is permitted and the insurer is domiciled in a Member State. Costs 32 Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable. I - 11335 JUDGMENT OF 13. 12. 2007 — CASE C-463/06 On those grounds, the Court (Second Chamber) hereby rules: The reference in Article 11(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters to Article 9(1)(b) of that regulation is to be interpreted as meaning that the injured party may bring an action directly against the insurer before the courts for the place in a Member State where that injured party is domiciled, provided that such a direct action is permitted and the insurer is domiciled in a Member State, [Signatures] I - 11336

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16. 16
    Sursa 16: Regulamentul (UE) nr. 1215/2012 — Bruxelles I bis, consolidare 26.02.2015Normă · Bruxelles I bis, considerentul 34, art. 80 și anexa III; PDF pp. 8, 38, 46. · forma din 26 februarie 2015Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Article 80 · limba originalului: en

    Article 80 This Regulation shall repeal Regulation (EC) No 44/2001. References to the repealed Regulation shall be construed as references to this Regu­ lation and shall be read in accordance with the correlation table set out in Annex III.

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    Considerentul 34 · limba originalului: en

    (34) Continuity between the 1968 Brussels Convention, Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 and this Regulation should be ensured, and transitional provisions should be laid down to that end. The same need for continuity applies as regards the interpretation by the Court of Justice of the European Union of the 1968 Brussels Convention and of the Regulations replacing it.

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    Anexa III — tabel de corespondență · limba originalului: en

    ANNEX III CORRELATION TABLE Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 This Regulation Article 1(1) Article 1(1) Article 1(2), introductory words Article 1(2), introductory words Article 1(2) point (a) Article 1(2), points (a) and (f) Article 1(2), points (b) to (d) Article 1(2), points (b) to (d) — Article 1(2), point (e) Article 1(3) — — Article 2 Article 2 Article 4 Article 3 Article 5 Article 4 Article 6 Article 5, introductory words Article 7, introductory words Article 5, point (1) Article 7, point (1) Article 5, point (2) — Article 5, points (3) and (4) Article 7, points (2) and (3) — Article 7, point (4) Article 5, points (5) to (7) Article 7, points (5) to (7) Article 6 Article 8 Article 7 Article 9 Article 8 Article 10 Article 9 Article 11 Article 10 Article 12 Article 11 Article 13 Article 12 Article 14 Article 13 Article 15 Article 14 Article 16 Article 15 Article 17 Article 16 Article 18 Article 17 Article 19 Article 18 Article 20 Article 19, points (1) and (2) Article 21(1) — Article 21(2) Article 20 Article 22 Article 21 Article 23

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17. 17
    Sursa 17: Directiva 2009/103/CE — consolidare 23.12.2023, copie EUR-Lex găzduită de IVASSLege · Directiva 2009/103/CE, art. 21 alin. (4)–(6); copia IVASS, PDF p. 18. · forma din 23 decembrie 2023Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Article 21 · limba originalului: en

    Article 21 Claims representatives 1.   Each Member State shall take all measures necessary to ensure that all insurance undertakings covering the risks classified in class 10 of point A of the Annex to Directive 73/239/EEC, other than carrier’s liability, appoint a claims representative in each Member State other than that in which they have received their official authorisation. The claims representative shall be responsible for handling and settling claims arising from an accident in the cases referred to in Article 20(1). The claims representative shall be resident or established in the Member State where he is appointed. 2.   The choice of its claims representative shall be at the discretion of the insurance undertaking. The Member States may not restrict this freedom of choice. 3.   The claims representative may act for one or more insurance undertakings. 4.   The claims representative shall, in relation to such claims, collect all information necessary in connection with the settlement of the claims and shall take the measures necessary to negotiate a settlement of claims. The requirement of appointing a claims representative shall not preclude the right of the injured party or his insurance undertaking to institute proceedings directly against the person who caused the accident or his insurance undertaking. 5.   Claims representatives shall possess sufficient powers to represent the insurance undertaking in relation to injured parties in the cases referred to in Article 20(1) and to meet their claims in full. They must be capable of examining cases in the official language(s) of the Member State of residence of the injured party. 6.   The appointment of a claims representative shall not in itself constitute the opening of a branch within the meaning of Article 1(b) of Directive 92/49/EEC and the claims representative shall not be regarded as an establishment within the meaning of Article 2(c) of Directive 88/357/EEC or an establishment within the meaning of Regulation (EC) No 44/2001.

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18. 18
    Sursa 18: CJUE C-558/15, Vieira de Azevedo și alții, hotărârea din 15.12.2016 — text integralHotărâre · CJUE, C-558/15, Vieira de Azevedo și alții, 15.12.2016, pct. 29–39 și dispozitiv. · forma din 15 decembrie 2016Curtea de Justiție a Uniunii Europene · Hotărârea din cauza C-558/15 (Vieira de Azevedo și alții) · 15 decembrie 2016 · Caracter definitiv neprecizatTextul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Punctul 29 până la dispozitiv (text primar consecutiv) · limba originalului: en

    29 While, according to Article 3 of Directive 2000/26, each Member State is to ensure that injured parties, referred to in Article 1 thereof, in accidents, within the meaning of that provision, enjoy a direct right of action against the insurance undertaking covering the responsible party against civil liability, neither that article nor any other provision of that directive entail that, in order to exercise that right, the possibility for those persons to bring proceedings against the claims representative directly before the national court should be recognised. 30 In those circumstances, it is important to bear in mind that Directive 2000/26 is intended to guarantee motor vehicle accident victims comparable treatment irrespective of where in the European Union accidents occur. To that end, those victims must be entitled to submit a claim in their Member State of residence to a claims representative appointed there by the insurance undertaking of the responsible party. That representative’s role is to make the steps to be taken by accident victims easier, in particular to allow them to make a claim in their own language. 31 According to recital 15 in the preamble to Directive 2000/26, Member States must require claims representatives to have sufficient powers to represent the insurance undertaking in relation to victims, and also to represent it before national authorities including, where necessary, before the courts, in so far as this is compatible with the rules of private international law on the conferral of jurisdiction. 32 Thus, in the light of those objectives, the EU legislature has not only instituted a system in which injured parties in each Member State may submit a claim for compensation to the representative of the insurer of the responsible party, in accordance with the procedures with which they are familiar, but logically supplemented that system, as stated in recital 14 of Directive 2000/26, by recognising victims’ direct right of action against that insurer, without being obliged to sue the responsible party. 33 It admittedly follows from those considerations that the Union legislature intended that, without being able to call into question observance of the rules of private international law, representation of insurance undertakings under Article 4(5) of Directive 2000/26 includes the duty to allow injured parties validly to bring proceedings before national courts for compensation for damage. In that context, the claims representative’s sufficient powers must include the authority to accept service of judicial documents (see, to that effect, judgment of 10 October 2013, Spedition Welter, C-306/12, EU:C:2013:650, paragraphs 23 and 24). 34 As already noted by the Court, it is apparent from the drafting history of Directive 2000/26 that the legislature’s intention was that the powers enjoyed by the representative of an insurance undertaking in the victim’s State of residence should include, albeit to a limited extent, acceptance of service of judicial documents, since it was not to affect the rules of private international law relating to the conferral of jurisdiction (see, to that effect, judgment of 10 October 2013, Spedition Welter, C-306/12, EU:C:2013:650, paragraph 22). 35 On the other hand, it is apparent neither from the drafting history nor from the recitals in the preamble to Directive 2000/26 that the intention of the EU legislature was to extend those powers to allow injured parties to bring proceedings against that undertaking’s representative, in order to seek compensation from the insurance undertaking of the responsible party, before the national court of their place of residence. 36 Since injured parties may notify judicial documents to the representative of the insurance undertaking, it does not appear that the objective of Directive 2000/26, whose purpose is to make the steps to be taken by those persons easier, is not therefore achieved and requires proceedings to be able to be brought against the representative itself before the national court. 37 The EU legislature also stated, in recital 13 of the preamble to Directive 2000/26, that the system of having claims representatives in the injured party’s Member State of residence affects neither the substantive law to be applied in each individual case nor the matter of jurisdiction. Accepting that the ECLI:EU:C:2016:957 8 JUDGMENT OF 15. 12. 2016 — CASE C-558/15 VIEIRA DE AZEVEDO AND OTHERS action for damages may be brought directly before the national court against that representative itself and not against the undertaking which it represents could interfere with the jurisdiction of the courts. In any event, recital 16 of the preamble to the directive also states that the activities of claims representatives are not sufficient in order to confer jurisdiction on the courts in the injured party’s Member State of residence if the rules of private international law on the conferral of jurisdiction do not so provide. 38 In those circumstances it does not appear that the objective of improving the legal situation of parties injured as a result of motor vehicle accidents occurring outside their Member State of residence entails that Article 4 of Directive 2000/26, which does not explicitly provide that the claims representative may itself be sued instead of the insurance undertaking it represents, should be interpreted, although those injured parties may bring proceedings directly against such an undertaking before the national court, as implicitly but necessarily requiring Member States to provide for the possibility of that representative being sued. 39 In the light of the foregoing, the answer to the question referred is that Article 4 of Directive 2000/26 must be interpreted as not requiring Member States to provide that the claims representative appointed pursuant to that article may itself be sued, instead of the insurance undertaking which it represents, in the national court before which an action for damages was brought by an injured party falling within the scope of Article 1 of that directive. The second question 40 In the light of the answer to the first question, there is no need to answer the second question. Costs 41 Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable. On those grounds, the Court (Sixth Chamber) hereby rules: Article 4 of Directive 2000/26/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 May 2000 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to insurance against civil liability in respect of the use of motor vehicles and amending Council Directives 73/239/EEC and 88/357/EEC (Fourth motor insurance Directive), as amended by Directive 2005/14/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005, must be interpreted as not requiring Member States to provide that the claims representative appointed pursuant to that article may itself be sued, instead of the insurance undertaking which it represents, in the national court before which an action for damages was brought by an injured party falling within the scope of Article 1 of Directive 2000/26, as amended by Directive 2005/14. [Signatures] ECLI:EU:C:2016:957 9

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19. 19
    Sursa 19: Legea nr. 132/2017 privind asigurarea obligatorie de răspundere civilă autoLege · Legea 132/2017, art. 32 alin. (2) lit. c)–d), art. 34 alin. (1) și art. 35 alin. (2); Portal, selector 13.12.2025. · forma din 13 decembrie 2025Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Art. 32

    Articolul 32 Organizarea și funcționarea BAAR(1) BAAR se constituie ca asociație profesională, independentă și autonomă a tuturor societăților de asigurare, indiferent de forma de organizare și de statul în care își au sediul social, care, în baza legii, au dreptul să practice în România asigurarea obligatorie de răspundere civilă pentru prejudicii produse terțelor persoane prin accidente de vehicule.(2) BAAR are următoarele atribuții:a) de birou național auto; b) de organism de plată a despăgubirilor, în conformitate cu prevederile art. 33; c) de centru de informare, în conformitate cu prevederile art. 34; d) de organism de compensare, în conformitate cu prevederile art. 35; e) de a asigura dezvoltarea și administrarea bazei de date privind evidența contractelor RCA în ceea ce privește colectarea, administrarea, procesarea, prelucrarea, managementul calității și publicarea datelor referitoare la:(i) polițele de asigurare obligatorie de răspundere civilă auto; (ii) comportamentul de daunalitate și de risc al proprietarilor și utilizatorilor de vehicule aferente polițelor RCA; f) de a întocmi și publica statistici privind asigurările auto la nivel național și internațional; g) de a elabora și publica analize și studii comparative privind tarifele utilizate de asigurătorii RCA din statele membre și alte informații considerate relevante pentru asigurarea RCA; h) de a publica statistici privind evoluția nivelurilor despăgubirilor în cazurile de vătămare a integrității corporale sau a sănătății ori pentru deces; i) de a primi și/sau furniza autorității competente din subordinea Ministerului Afacerilor Interne cu atribuții de organizare și coordonare a activității de evidență și eliberare a certificatelor de înmatriculare și a plăcuțelor cu numere de înmatriculare, datele referitoare la accidentele rutiere, vehiculele asigurate pentru răspundere civilă pentru pagube produse terțelor persoane prin accidente de circulație, în condițiile prevăzute de art. 1 alin. (2) din Ordonanța de urgență a Guvernului nr. 189/2005 pentru stabilirea unor măsuri privind vehiculele rutiere înmatriculate, aprobată cu modificări prin Legea nr. 432/2006; j) de alocare a asiguraților cu risc ridicat, în conformitate cu prevederile art. 19; k) publicarea pe site-ul propriu de date privind tendințele referitoare la fluctuațiile tarifelor utilizate de asigurătorii RCA; l) colectarea și publicarea de date și informații agregate privind piața asigurărilor auto din România, inclusiv în ceea ce privește volumul daunelor; m) publicarea pe site-ul propriu de date statistice privind tarifele practicate de unitățile reparatoare specializate în reparația vehiculelor. (3) Pentru îndeplinirea atribuțiilor de birou național auto, de organism de plată a despăgubirilor și de organism de compensare, BAAR își constituie o structură proprie denumită Fondul național de protecție, prin contribuția tuturor membrilor, proporțional cu volumul primelor brute încasate din vânzarea contractelor RCA/Carte Verde. Disponibilul Fondului național de protecție, nivelurile contribuțiilor pentru BAAR și ale taxei de administrare a bazei de date se stabilesc prin reglementări ale A.S.F. la propunerea BAAR, astfel încât BAAR să își poată îndeplini în orice moment atribuțiile de birou național auto, de organism de plată a despăgubirilor și de organism de compensare.(4) Pentru neplata la termen a sumelor cuvenite BAAR se datorează dobânzi și penalități de întârziere, calculate în conformitate cu reglementările legale în vigoare, aplicabile la colectarea creanțelor bugetare. Dobânzile și penalitățile plătite se virează în contul BAAR.(5) Actul prin care se constată și se individualizează obligația unui asigurător de plată a contribuției la BAAR constituie, potrivit legii, titlu de creanță. La data scadenței, titlul de creanță devine titlu executoriu, în baza căruia BAAR declanșează procedura silită de recuperare a creanțelor, conform dispozițiilor Codului de procedură civilă.(6) În exercitarea atribuțiilor prevăzute la alin. (2) lit. a) și b), BAAR despăgubește persoanele prejudiciate în calitate de garant al obligației de despăgubire și, după plata despăgubirii, se subrogă în drepturile acestora dobândind un drept de regres împotriva persoanei sau persoanelor responsabile pentru repararea prejudiciului, în privința despăgubirii plătite, a cheltuielilor legate de instrumentarea și lichidarea pretențiilor de despăgubire, precum și pentru dobânda legală aferentă cheltuielilor efectuate.(7) BAAR încheie memorandumuri/protocoale de colaborare privind schimbul de informații cu autoritățile, instituțiile și societățile care contribuie la siguranța circulației pe drumurile publice. Pentru îndeplinirea atribuțiilor prevăzute la alin. (2) lit. a)-d) BAAR încheie acorduri cu entitățile echivalente din celelalte state.(8) În vederea îndeplinirii de către A.S.F. a obiectivelor privind supravegherea prudențială BAAR furnizează, la cererea A.S.F. sau din proprie inițiativă, date și informații agregate și/sau individuale privind asigurarea RCA.(9) La cererea proprietarilor de autovehicule, BAAR eliberează în termen de 15 zile calendaristice o atestare privind acțiunile de răspundere civilă ale terților.(10) Consiliul director al BAAR, criteriile care trebuie îndeplinite de către persoanele propuse pentru funcțiile de conducere, actul constitutiv, statutul și modificările acestora, nivelurile cotizațiilor, ale contribuțiilor pentru fond și ale taxei de administrare a bazei de date se stabilesc de către BAAR cu avizul prealabil al A.S.F.(11) Bugetul de venituri și cheltuieli al BAAR, atât cel preliminar, cât și execuția acestuia, se aprobă de către A.S.F.(12) A.S.F. exercită atribuții de supraveghere în ceea ce privește competențele BAAR prevăzute la alin. (2) lit. b)-m).(13) BAAR stabilește reguli de conduită aplicabile membrilor inclusiv cu privire la încheierea asigurării RCA pentru asigurații cu risc ridicat. (14) BAAR se asigură de punerea în aplicare a regulilor de conduită de către propriii membri și stabilește proceduri privind analizarea conduitei membrilor și măsurile ce pot fi impuse acestora. (15) BAAR publică și actualizează permanent pe site-ul propriu informații referitoare la demersurile necesare pentru obținerea de la BAAR a sumelor cuvenite persoanelor prejudiciate.

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    Art. 34

    Articolul 34 Atribuții ale BAAR în calitate de centru de informare(1) În calitate de centru de informare, BAAR are următoarele atribuții:a) furnizează, la solicitarea persoanelor prejudiciate sau a centrelor de informare din celelalte state semnatare ale Acordului cu privire la schimbul de informații între centrele de informare, date privind:(i) numele și adresa asigurătorului RCA pentru vehiculul condus de vinovatul de producerea accidentului; (ii) numele și adresa reprezentantului de despăgubiri al asigurătorului RCA, emitent al contractului RCA pentru vehiculul condus de către conducătorul auto vinovat de producerea accidentului, în statul de reședință al persoanei prejudiciate; (iii) numărul contractului RCA; (iv) numele și adresa organismului autorizat să primească și să soluționeze cererile de despăgubire în statul de reședință al persoanei prejudiciate, pentru vehiculul condus de către conducătorul auto vinovat de producerea accidentului sau pentru cazul în care persoana proprietară a vehiculului respectiv beneficiază de derogare de la obligativitatea încheierii contractului RCA; b) furnizează, la solicitarea persoanelor prejudiciate care prezintă un interes legitim, numele și adresa proprietarului, ale conducătorului obișnuit sau ale utilizatorului vehiculului condus de către conducătorul auto vinovat de producerea accidentului; aceste date se pot solicita de persoana prejudiciată în mod direct sau prin intermediul centrului de informare din statul său de reședință; dovada existenței interesului legitim este în sarcina celui care face solicitarea; furnizarea acestor date se face în conformitate cu prevederile legislației privind prelucrarea datelor cu caracter personal și libera circulație a acestor date. (2) În scopul îndeplinirii atribuțiilor prevăzute la alin. (1) lit. b), BAAR are drept de acces pentru consultarea evidențelor cu vehicule înmatriculate sau înregistrate în România administrate de autoritățile publice, în condiții stabilite prin protocol încheiat între A.S.F., Direcția Regim Permise de Conducere și Înmatriculare a Vehiculelor din cadrul Ministerului Afacerilor Interne și BAAR.(3) Informațiile comunicate de asigurătorul RCA conform art. 24 alin. (6) sunt transmise centrelor de informare naționale din statele membre.(4) Solicitarea prevăzută la alin. (1) lit. b) se poate face de către persoana prejudiciată, în mod direct sau prin intermediul centrului de informare din statul de reședință.(5) Abrogat. (6) BAAR nu poate prelucra datele cu caracter personal la care are acces potrivit alin. (2) în alt scop decât cel pentru care prezenta lege stabilește dreptul de acces.(7) Prin protocolul prevăzut la alin. (2) se stabilesc inclusiv măsurile de natură organizatorică și tehnică pentru asigurarea securității prelucrărilor de date cu caracter personal efectuate, în condițiile legislației privind protecția datelor cu caracter personal, precum și măsuri necesare pentru asigurarea:a) controlului accesului la sisteme; b) controlului utilizatorilor; c) controlului accesului la date; d) stabilirii profilurilor utilizatorilor în raport cu sarcinile relevante în condițiile prezentei legi; e) mecanismelor necesare exercitării drepturilor de către persoana vizată; f) mecanismelor necesare pentru verificarea legalității prelucrărilor; g) securității prelucrărilor de date cu caracter personal.

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    Art. 35

    Articolul 35 Atribuții ale BAAR în calitate de organism de compensare(1) În calitate de organism de compensare BAAR intervine în următoarele situații:a) dacă în termen de 3 luni de la data la care a adresat o cerere de despăgubire persoana rezidentă în România care a suferit un prejudiciu cauzat de un accident de vehicule produs pe teritoriul unui stat situat în limitele teritoriale de aplicare, cu excepția României, sau pe teritoriul unui stat terț al cărui birou național a aderat la sistemul Carte Verde, prin intermediul unui vehicul care staționează în mod obișnuit pe teritoriul unui stat membru al Spațiului Economic European, cu excepția României, nu a fost despăgubită sau nu a primit un răspuns motivat de la asigurătorul RCA al vehiculului respectiv sau de la reprezentantul de despăgubiri al asigurătorului RCA în România; b) dacă asigurătorul RCA nu și-a desemnat un reprezentant de despăgubire pe teritoriul României; c) dacă în termen de două luni de la data producerii accidentului asigurătorul RCA nu poate fi identificat. (2) BAAR, ca organism de compensare, nu are calitate procesuală pasivă sau de parte responsabilă civilmente în raport cu persoanele prejudiciate în urma producerii accidentelor de vehicule.(3) Persoanele juridice care s-au subrogat în drepturile persoanelor păgubite prin accidente produse în condițiile prevăzute la alin. (1) lit. a) nu pot să depună cereri de despăgubire la BAAR.

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    Sursa 20: Convenția Lugano din 2007 — text în limba română publicat de depozitarDocument · Convenția Lugano 2007, art. 8–11, art. 63 și art. 64 alin. (1)–(2) lit. a); PDF român al depozitarului pp. 12–14, 46–47.Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Art. 8

    ARTICOLUL 8 În materie de asigurări, competenţa judiciară este determinată de prezenta secţiune, fără a se aduce atingere dispoziţiilor articolelor 4 şi 5 alineatul (5).

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    Art. 9

    ARTICOLUL 9 (1) Un asigurător care îşi are domiciliul pe teritoriul unui stat obligat prin prezenta convenţie poate fi acţionat în justiţie: (a) în instanţele din statul pe teritoriul căruia îşi are domiciliul, sau (b) în alt stat obligat prin prezenta convenţie, în cazul acţiunilor intentate de către deţinătorul poliţei de asigurare, asigurat sau beneficiar, în instanţele de la locul unde este domiciliat reclamantul, sau (c) dacă este coasigurător, în instanţele dintr-un stat obligat prin prezenta convenţie sesizate cu acţiunea introdusă împotriva asigurătorului principal. (2) Atunci când un asigurător nu îşi are domiciliul pe teritoriul unui stat obligat prin prezenta convenţie, dar deţine o sucursală, agenţie sau altă unitate pe teritoriul unuia dintre statele obligate prin prezenta convenţie, în cazul contestaţiilor referitoare la activitatea sucursalei, agenţiei sau unităţii, acesta este considerat ca având domiciliul pe teritoriul statului obligat prin prezenta convenţie.

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    Art. 10

    ARTICOLUL 10 În cazul asigurării de răspundere civilă sau al asigurării de bunuri imobiliare, asigurătorul mai poate fi acţionat în justiţie şi în instanţele de la locul unde s-a produs fapta prejudiciabilă. Acelaşi lucru este aplicabil şi în cazul în care bunurile mobile şi imobile sunt acoperite de aceeaşi poliţă de asigurare, ambele categorii fiind afectate în mod negativ de acelaşi eveniment neprevăzut.

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    Art. 11

    ARTICOLUL 11 (1) În cazul asigurării de răspundere civilă, asigurătorul poate, de asemenea, să fie acţionat în instanţa la care persoana vătămată a introdus acţiunea împotriva asiguratului, dacă legea instanţei respective permite acest lucru,. (2) Dispoziţiile articolelor 8, 9 şi 10 se aplică în cazul acţiunii directe introduse de către partea vătămată împotriva asigurătorului, în situaţia în care este permisă o astfel de acţiune. (3) Dacă legea privind astfel de acţiuni directe prevede posibilitatea introducerii în cauză a deţinătorului poliţei de asigurare sau a asiguratului, aceeaşi instanţă are competenţă judiciară asupra acestora.

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    Art. 63

    ARTICOLUL 63 (1) Dispoziţiile prezentei convenţii nu se aplică decât acţiunilor judiciare intentate şi actelor întocmite oficial sau înregistrate drept acte autentice după intrarea sa în vigoare în statul de origine şi, în cazul în care se solicită recunoaşterea sau executarea unei hotărâri sau a unui act autentic, în statul solicitat. (2) Cu toate acestea, în cazul în care acţiunea introdusă în statul de origine a fost intentată înainte de intrarea în vigoare a prezentei convenţii, hotărârile pronunţate după data intrării în vigoare a convenţiei sunt recunoscute şi executate în conformitate cu dispoziţiile titlului III: (a) dacă acţiunea introdusă în statul de origine a fost intentată după intrarea în vigoare a Convenţiei de la Lugano din 16 septembrie 1988 atât în statul de origine, cât şi în statul solicitat; (b) în toate celelalte situaţii, în cazul în care normele de competenţă aplicate sunt conforme cu cele prevăzute fie în titlul II fie într-o convenţie încheiată între statul de origine şi statul solicitat, convenţie care era în vigoare la data la care a fost intentată acţiunea.

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    Art. 64

    ARTICOLUL 64 (1) Prezenta convenţie nu aduce atingere aplicării de către statele membre ale Comunităţii Europene a Regulamentului (CE) nr. 44/2001 al Consiliului privind competenţa judiciară, recunoaşterea şi executarea hotărârilor în materie civilă şi comercială şi nici modificărilor aduse acestuia, a Convenţiei privind competenţa judiciară şi executarea hotărârilor în materie civilă şi comercială, semnată la Bruxelles la 27 septembrie 1968 sau a Protocolului privind interpretarea convenţiei în cauză de către Curtea de Justiţie a Comunităţilor Europene, semnat la Luxemburg la 3 iunie 1971, modificate de convenţiile de aderare la respectiva convenţie şi la respectivul protocol de către statele care au aderat la Comunităţile Europene, ori a Acordului dintre Comunitatea Europeană şi Regatul Danemarcei privind competenţa judiciară, recunoaşterea şi executarea hotărârilor în materie civilă şi comercială, semnat la Bruxelles la 19 octombrie 2005. (2) Cu toate acestea, prezenta convenţie se aplică în orice situaţie: (a) în materie de competenţă , în cazul în care pârâtul este domiciliat pe teritoriul unui stat în care se aplică prezenta convenţie dar nu şi un alt act prevăzut la alineatul (1) al prezentului articol, sau în care articolele 22 sau 23 ale prezentei convenţii conferă competenţă instanţelor acestui stat; (b) în ce priveşte litispendenţa sau acţiunile conexe prevăzute la articolele 27 şi 28, în cazul în care sunt introduse acţiuni în instanţă într-un stat în care se aplică prezenta convenţie dar nu şi un act prevăzut la alineatul (1) din prezentul articol, precum şi într-un stat în care se aplică atât prezenta convenţie, cât şi un act prevăzut în alineatul (1) din prezentul articol; (c) în materie de recunoaştere şi executare, în cazul în care fie statul de origine, fie statul solicitat nu aplică un act prevăzut în alineatul (1) din prezentul articol. (3) Pe lângă motivele prevăzute în titlul III, recunoaşterea sau executarea pot fi refuzate dacă motivul de competenţă pe care s-a întemeiat hotărârea diferă de cel care decurge din prezenta convenţie şi se solicită recunoaşterea sau executarea împotriva unei părţi care îşi are domiciliul într-un stat în care se aplică prezenta convenţie dar nu şi un act prevăzut în alineatul (1) din prezentul articol, doar dacă hotărârea poate fi recunoscută sau executată în alt mod, în conformitate cu orice normă legală în vigoare în statul solicitat.

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    Sursa 21: Consiliul UE — statutul Convenției Lugano 2007 (acord 2007081)Ghid oficial · Consiliul UE, fișa acordului 2007081, tabel «Ratification details» și notele teritoriale, consultat 07.10.2026.Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Extras din corpul paginii primare · limba originalului: en

    # Convention on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (deposited with the Government of the Swiss Confederation) - Lugano Convention ## Entry into force ## Signature 30/10/2007, Lugano ## Official Journal reference * L 57 (03/03/2017);†eur-lex.europa.eu * L 147 (10/06/2009);†eur-lex.europa.eu * C 319 (23/12/2009);†eur-lex.europa.eu * L 147 (10/06/2009);†eur-lex.europa.eu * L 140 (08/06/2010);†eur-lex.europa.eu * L 18 (21/01/2014);†eur-lex.europa.eu * L 138 (26/05/2011);†eur-lex.europa.eu ## Observations Denmark's ratification does not apply to Greenland nor to the Faroe Islands ### Ratification Details Party | Signature (*) | Notification | Entry into force (*) | Declaration / reservation | Observations --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Denmark | | 24/09/2009 | 01/01/2010 | | EC | | 18/05/2009 | 01/01/2010 | | Iceland | | 25/02/2011 | 01/05/2011 | | Norway | | 01/07/2009 | 01/01/2010 | | Switzerland | | 20/10/2010 | 01/01/2011 | | * When no dates are specified, the dates shown in "Entry into Force" (above left) and "Signature" (above right) apply, except in the case of acceding Parties. About the secretariat Corporate policies Contact Email subscription Sign up to receive our email updates Sign up

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    Sursa 22: Portalul european e-Justice — Bruxelles I bis și aplicarea pentru DanemarcaGhid oficial · Portalul european e-Justice, «Brussels I Regulation (recast)», paragrafe despre Danemarca și acordul din 2005; actualizare 06.03.2025. · forma din 6 martie 2025Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Extras din corpul paginii primare · limba originalului: en

    Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012†eur-lex.europa.eu of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters Agreement between the European Community and the Kingdom of Denmark†eur-lex.europa.eu on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, OJ, 2005 11 16, L299. The enforcement atlas†www.enforcementatlas.eu, developed by an EU funded project, provides information on the enforcement procedures (procedures, requirements, competence, costs and timing) in the enforcement systems of the EU countries and of the UK. FINDING COMPETENT COURTS/AUTHORITIES The search tool below will help you to identify court(s)/authority(ies) competent for a specific European legal instrument. Please note that although every effort has been made to ascertain the accuracy of the results, there may be some exceptional cases concerning the determination of competence that are not necessarily covered. FINDING COMPETENT COURTS/AUTHORITIES The search tool below will help you to identify court(s)/authority(ies) competent for a specific European legal instrument. Please note that although every effort has been made to ascertain the accuracy of the results, there may be some exceptional cases concerning the determination of competence that are not necessarily covered. [Input] Country [Select] Instrument [Select] Recognising and Enforcing Judgments In Civil And Commercial Matters - Brussels I Regulation (recast) [Input] [Input] [Button: Next] mandatory input [Button: Next] Last update: 06/03/2025 This page is maintained by the European Commission. The information on this page does not necessarily reflect the official position of the European Commission. The Commission accepts no responsibility or liability whatsoever with regard to any information or data contained or referred to in this document. Please refer to the legal notice with regard to copyright rules for European pages. Report a technical/content problem or give feedback on this page ## European e-Justice Portal ## Using our site * Legal notice * Privacy policy * Accessibility statement * BREXIT notice * Sitemap Discover more on europa.eu†europa.eu ## Contact the EU * Call us 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 * Use other telephone options†european-union.europa.eu * Write to us via our contact form†european-union.europa.eu * Meet us at one of the EU centres†european-union.europa.eu ## Social media * Search for EU social media channels†european-union.europa.eu ## Legal * Languages on our websites†european-union.europa.eu * Privacy policy†european-union.europa.eu * Legal notice†european-union.europa.eu * Cookies†european-union.europa.eu ## EU institutions and bodies * Search all EU institutions and bodies†european-union.europa.eu

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    Sursa 23: Acordul de retragere UE–Regatul Unit — text semnat la 24 ianuarie 2020, TS 3/2020, volumul 1Document · Acordul de retragere UE–Regatul Unit, text semnat 24.01.2020, art. 66 lit. b), art. 67 alin. (1) lit. a), alin. (2) lit. a) și art. 126; TS 3/2020, vol. 1, PDF pp. 115–117, 188. · forma din 24 ianuarie 2020Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Article 66 · limba originalului: en

    ARTICLE 66 Applicable law in contractual and non-contractual matters In the United Kingdom, the following acts shall apply as follows: (a) Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council1 shall apply in respect of contracts concluded before the end of the transition period; (b) Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council2 shall apply in respect of events giving rise to damage, where such events occurred before the end of the transition period. 1 Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) (OJ L 177, 4.7.2008, p. 6). 2 Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II) (OJ L 199, 31.7.2007, p. 40).

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    Article 67 · limba originalului: en

    ARTICLE 67 Jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of judicial decisions, and related cooperation between central authorities 1. In the United Kingdom, as well as in the Member States in situations involving the United Kingdom, in respect of legal proceedings instituted before the end of the transition period and in respect of proceedings or actions that are related to such legal proceedings pursuant to Articles 29, 30 and 31 of Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council1, Article 19 of Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 or Articles 12 and 13 of Council Regulation (EC) No 4/20092, the following acts or provisions shall apply: (a) the provisions regarding jurisdiction of Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012; 1 Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (OJ L 351, 20.12.2012, p. 1). 2 Council Regulation (EC) No 4/2009 of 18 December 2008 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and cooperation in matters relating to maintenance obligations (OJ L 7, 10.1.2009, p. 1). (b) the provisions regarding jurisdiction of Regulation (EU) 2017/1001, of Regulation (EC) No 6/2002, of Regulation (EC) No 2100/94, of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council1 and of Directive 96/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council2; (c) the provisions of Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 regarding jurisdiction; (d) the provisions of Regulation (EC) No 4/2009 regarding jurisdiction. 2. In the United Kingdom, as well as in the Member States in situations involving the United Kingdom, the following acts or provisions shall apply as follows in respect of the recognition and enforcement of judgments, decisions, authentic instruments, court settlements and agreements: (a) Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 shall apply to the recognition and enforcement of judgments given in legal proceedings instituted before the end of the transition period, and to authentic instruments formally drawn up or registered and court settlements approved or concluded before the end of the transition period; 1 Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, p. 1). 2 Directive 96/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1996 concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services (OJ L 18, 21.1.1997, p. 1). (b) the provisions of Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 regarding recognition and enforcement shall apply to judgments given in legal proceedings instituted before the end of the transition period, and to documents formally drawn up or registered as authentic instruments, and agreements concluded before the end of the transition period; (c) the provisions of Regulation (EC) No 4/2009 regarding recognition and enforcement shall apply to decisions given in legal proceedings instituted before the end of the transition period, and to court settlements approved or concluded, and authentic instruments established before the end of the transition period; (d) Regulation (EC) No 805/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council1 shall apply to judgments given in legal proceedings instituted before the end of the transition period, and to court settlements approved or concluded and authentic instruments drawn up before the end of the transition period, provided that the certification as a European Enforcement Order was applied for before the end of the transition period. 1 Regulation (EC) No 805/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 creating a European Enforcement Order for uncontested claims (OJ L 143, 30.4.2004, p. 15). 3. In the United Kingdom, as well as in the Member States in situations involving the United Kingdom, the following provisions shall apply as follows: (a) Chapter IV of Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 shall apply to requests and applications received by the central authority or other competent authority of the requested State before the end of the transition period; (b) Chapter VII of Regulation (EC) No 4/2009 shall apply to applications for recognition or enforcement as referred to in point (c) of paragraph 2 of this Article and requests received by the central authority of the requested State before the end of the transition period; (c) Regulation (EU) 2015/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council1 shall apply to insolvency proceedings, and actions referred to in Article 6(1) of that Regulation, provided that the main proceedings were opened before the end of the transition period; Regulation (EU) 2015/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2015 on insolvency proceedings (OJ L 141, 5.6.2015, p. 19). 1 (d) Regulation (EC) No 1896/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council1 shall apply to European payment orders applied for before the end of the transition period; where, following such an application, the proceedings are transferred according to Article 17(1) of that Regulation, the proceedings shall be deemed to have been instituted before the end of the transition period; (e) Regulation (EC) No 861/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council2 shall apply to small claims procedures for which the application was lodged before the end of the transition period; (f) Regulation (EU) No 606/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council3 shall apply to certificates issued before the end of the transition period. 1 Regulation (EC) No 1896/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 creating a European order for payment procedure (OJ L 399, 30.12.2006, p. 1). 2 Regulation (EC) No 861/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 establishing a European Small Claims Procedure (OJ L 199, 31.7.2007, p. 1). 3 Regulation (EU) No 606/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 June 2013 on mutual recognition of protection measures in civil matters (OJ L 181, 29.6.2013, p. 4).

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    Article 126 · limba originalului: en

    ARTICLE 126 Transition period There shall be a transition or implementation period, which shall start on the date of entry into force of this Agreement and end on 31 December 2020.

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    Sursa 24: CJUE C-412/10, Homawoo / GMF Assurances, hotărârea din 17.11.2011Hotărâre · CJUE, C-412/10, Homawoo, 17.11.2011, pct. 27–37 și dispozitiv. · forma din 17 noiembrie 2011Curtea de Justiție a Uniunii Europene · Hotărârea din cauza C-412/10 (Homawoo) · 17 noiembrie 2011 · Caracter definitiv neprecizatTextul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Punctul 27 până la dispozitiv (text primar consecutiv) · limba originalului: en

    27 Admittedly, three language versions of the title of Article 32 of the Regulation (‘In­ werkingtreding’, ‘Data intrării în vigoare’ and ‘Entrada en vigor’) refer to the term Entry into force’. However, even in those three versions, the content of the article re fers to 11 January 2009 as being the date set of application of the Regulation. 28 As the Advocate General has noted in point 39 of his Opinion, it is clear from the Court’s case-law that the need for a uniform interpretation of European Union acts makes it impossible, in case of doubt, for the text of a provision to be considered in isolation but requires, on the contrary, that it should be interpreted and applied in the light of the versions existing in the other official languages (see, in particular, Case 9/79 Koschniske [1979] ECR 2717, paragraph 6, and Case C-199/08 Eschig [2009] ECR I-8295, paragraph 54). 29 In the present case, in the light of the content of the provision which is the same in all of the language versions, it must be held that Article 32 of the Regulation does not set the date for its entry into force but sets the date of its application. I  -  11634 JUDGMENT OF 17. 11. 2011 — CASE C-412/10 30 It follows that, as there is no specific provision that sets the date for the entry into force of the Regulation, that date must be determined in accordance with the general rule laid down in the third subparagraph of Article 297(1) TFEU. As the Regulation was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 31  July 2007, it entered into force on 20 August 2007, that is to say the 20th day following that of its publication. 31 That finding is confirmed by the fact that the Regulation imposes certain obligations on Member States and on the Commission from that date. Thus, in accordance with Article 29 of that regulation, before the date of application of the Regulation, and spe cifically by 11 July 2008, Member States were required to notify the Commission of the international conventions adopted in this area to which they are parties, and the Commission was required to publish a list of those conventions in the Official Journal of the European Union. 32 Furthermore, pursuant to Article 30(2) of that regulation, the Commission was re quired to submit, not later than 31 December 2008, a study on the situation in the field of the law applicable to non-contractual obligations to the European Parliament, the Council and the European Economic and Social Committee. Those obligations had therefore to be fulfilled before 11 January 2009, the date laid down in Article 32 of the Regulation for its application to all persons concerned. 33 In those circumstances, Article 31 of that regulation which, according to its title con cerns its ‘Application in time’, may not be interpreted without taking account of the date of application laid down in Article 32 of that regulation, that is to say 11 January 2009. It must therefore be held that, under Article 31, the Regulation applies to events giving rise to damage occurring after that date. I  -  11635 HOMAWOO 34 Such an interpretation is the only one which ensures, in accordance with recitals 6, 13, 14 and 16 of the Regulation, the full attainment of the Regulation’s objectives, that is to say the predictability of the outcome of litigation, legal certainty as to the law applicable and the uniform application of that regulation in all the Member States. 35 By contrast, those objectives are likely to be compromised if the Regulation were ap plied to events occurring between its entry into force and the date set by Article 32. Indeed, as noted by the applicant in the main proceedings, the United Kingdom Gov ernment and the Commission, it cannot be ruled out that two events occurring on the same day, before 11 January 2009, might then be governed by different laws depend ing on the date on which the proceedings seeking compensation for damage were brought and that on which the applicable law was determined by the court seised. Furthermore, the obligations arising from an event occurring in the same place giving rise to damage to several people might be governed by different laws depending on the outcome of different legal proceedings. 36 Neither the date on which proceedings were brought nor that on which the applicable law was determined by the national court therefore have a bearing on determining the scope ratione temporis of the Regulation. As is apparent from Article 31 of the Regulation, the only time to be taken into account is that when the event causing the damage occurred. 37 In those circumstances, the answer to the questions referred is that Articles 31 and 32 of the Regulation, read in conjunction with Article 297 TFEU, must be interpreted as requiring a national court to apply the Regulation only to events giving rise to damage occurring after 11 January 2009 and that the date on which the proceedings seeking compensation for damage were brought or the date on which the applicable law was determined by the court seised have no bearing on determining the scope ratione temporis of the Regulation. I  -  11636 JUDGMENT OF 17. 11. 2011 — CASE C-412/10 Costs 38 Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the ac tion pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable. On those grounds, the Court (Fourth Chamber) hereby rules: Articles 31 and 32 of Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual ob ligations (‘Rome II’), read in conjunction with Article 297 TFEU, must be inter preted as requiring a national court to apply the Regulation only to events giv ing rise to damage occurring after 11 January 2009 and that the date on which the proceedings seeking compensation for damage were brought or the date on which the applicable law was determined by the court seised have no bearing on determining the scope ratione temporis of the Regulation. [Signatures]

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25. 25
    Sursa 25: Regulamentul (UE) nr. 1215/2012 — Bruxelles I bis, consolidare 26.02.2015Normă · Bruxelles I bis, art. 66 alin. (1)–(2) și art. 81; PDF pp. 33, 38. · forma din 26 februarie 2015Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Art. 66 alin. (1)–(2); PDF p. 33 · limba originalului: en

    This Regulation shall apply only to legal proceedings instituted, to authentic instruments formally drawn up or registered and to court settlements approved or concluded on or after 10 January 2015. 2. Notwithstanding Article 80, Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 shall continue to apply to judgments given in legal proceedings instituted, to authentic instruments formally drawn up or registered and to court settlements approved or concluded before 10 January 2015 which fall within the scope of that Regulation.

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    Article 81 · limba originalului: en

    Article 81 It shall apply from 10 January 2015, with the exception of Articles 75 and 76, which shall apply from 10 January 2014. This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in the Member States in accordance with the Treaties.

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26. 26
    Sursa 26: CJUE C-350/14, Lazar / Allianz, hotărârea din 10.12.2015Hotărâre · CJUE, C-350/14, Lazar, 10.12.2015, pct. 21–30 și dispozitiv; în special pct. 25–30. · forma din 10 decembrie 2015Curtea de Justiție a Uniunii Europene · Hotărârea din cauza C-350/14 (Lazar) · 10 decembrie 2015 · Caracter definitiv neprecizatTextul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Punctul 21 până la dispozitiv (text primar consecutiv) · limba originalului: en

    21 As a preliminary point, it must be noted, first, that, as regards the interpretation of Article 4(1) of the Rome II Regulation, the need for a uniform application of EU law and the principle of equality require that the terms of a provision of EU law which makes no express reference to the law of the Member States for the purpose of determining its meaning and scope must normally be given an independent and uniform interpretation throughout the European Union (see, to that effect, judgment in in Kásler and Káslerné Rábai, C-26/13, EU:C:2014:282, paragraph 37). In accordance with settled case-law, in interpreting a provision of EU law, it is necessary to consider not only its wording but also the context in which it occurs and the objectives pursued by the rules of which it is part (judgment in Lanigan, C-237/15 PPU, EU:C:2015:474, paragraph 35 and the case-law cited). 22 In that connection, it must be observed that, according to Article 2 of the Rome II Regulation, ‘damage shall cover any consequence arising out of tort/delict’. 23 In order to identify the law applicable to a non-contractual obligation arising from a tort or delict, Article 4(1) of that regulation adopts the law of the country in which the ‘damage’ occurs, irrespective of the country in which the event giving rise to the damage occurred, and irrespective of the country or countries in which the ‘indirect consequences’ of that event occur. The damage which must be taken into account in order to determine the place where the damage occurred is the direct damage, as is clear from recital 16 of that regulation. 24 In the event of physical injuries caused to a person or the damage caused to goods, the EU legislature stated, in recital 17 in the preamble to the Rome II Regulation, that the county of the place where the direct damage occurs is the country of the place where the injuries were suffered or the goods were damaged. 25 It follows that, where it is possible to identify the occurrence of direct damage, which is usually the case with a road traffic accident, the place where the direct damage occurred is the relevant connecting factor for the determination of the applicable law, regardless of the indirect consequences of that accident. In the present case, the damage is constituted by the injuries which led to the death of Mr Lazar’s daughter, which, according to the referring court, occurred in Italy. The damage sustained by the close relatives of the deceased, must be regarded as indirect consequences of the accident at issue in the main proceedings, within the meaning of Article 4(1) of the Rome II Regulation. 26 That interpretation is confirmed by Article 15(f) of that regulation which confers on the applicable law the task of determining which are the persons entitled to claim damages, and which covers the situation, at issue in the main proceedings, of damage sustained by close relatives of the victim. 27 As the European Commission explained with regard to Article 11(g) of its Draft Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Regulation on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (‘ROME II’) (COM(2003) 427 final), now Article 15(f) of the Rome II Regulation, the designated law also determines the persons entitled to compensation for damage they have sustained personally. That concept covers, in particular, whether a person other than the ‘direct victim’ may obtain compensation ‘by ricochet’, following damage sustained by the victim. That damage may be psychological, for example, the suffering caused by the death of a close relative, or financial, sustained for example by the children or spouse of a deceased person. 28 In the light of the above, it is necessary, first, to determine the law applicable to a legal act in order to be able to determine, on the basis of that, the persons who have sustained damage giving entitlement to compensation. ECLI:EU:C:2015:802 5 JUDGMENT OF 10. 12. 2015 — CASE C-350/14 LAZAR 29 Thus, the application of the law of the place where the direct damage was suffered contributes to the objective set out in recital 16 in the preamble to the Rome II Regulation, seeking to ensure the foreseeability of the applicable law, while avoiding the risk that the tort or delict is broken up in to several elements, each subject to a different law according to the places or the persons other than the direct victim who sustain damage. 30 It follows from all of the foregoing that the answer to the questions referred is that Article 4(1) of the Rome II Regulation must be interpreted, in order to determine the law applicable to a non-contractual obligation arising from a road traffic accident, as meaning that the damage related to the death of a person in such an accident which took place in the Member State of the court seised and sustained by the close relatives of that person who reside in another Member State, must be classified as ‘indirect consequences’ of that accident, within the meaning of that provision. Costs 31 Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable. On those grounds, the Court (Fourth Chamber) hereby rules: Article 4(1) Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (‘Rome II’), must be interpreted, in order to determine the law applicable to a non-contractual obligation arising from a road traffic accident, as meaning that the damage related to the death of a person in such an accident which took place in the Member State of the court seised and sustained by the close relatives of that person who reside in another Member State, must be classified as ‘indirect consequences’ of that accident, within the meaning of that provision. [Signatures] ECLI:EU:C:2015:802 6

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27. 27
    Sursa 27: Codul civil — Legea nr. 287/2009 (copia FGA/Sintact din 19.03.2026)Lege · Cod civil, art. 2557 alin. (3), art. 2562–2563 și art. 2641; copia FGA/Sintact 19.03.2026, PDF pp. 591–592, 611–612. · forma din 19 martie 2026Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Art. 2557

    Art. 2557: Obiectul reglementării (1)Prezenta carte cuprinde norme pentru determinarea legii aplicabile unui raport de drept internaţional privat. (2)În înţelesul prezentei cărţi, raporturile de drept internaţional privat sunt raporturile civile, comerciale, precum şi alte raporturi de drept privat cu element de extraneitate. (3)Dispoziţiile prezentei cărţi sunt aplicabile în măsura în care convenţiile internaţionale la care România este parte, dreptul Uniunii Europene sau dispoziţiile din legile speciale nu stabilesc o altă reglementare.

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    Art. 2562

    Art. 2562: Conţinutul legii străine (1)Conţinutul legii străine se stabileşte de instanţa judecătorească prin atestări obţinute de la organele statului care au edictat-o, prin avizul unui expert sau printr-un alt mod adecvat. (2)Partea care invocă o lege străină poate fi obligată să facă dovada conţinutului ei. (3)În cazul imposibilităţii de a stabili, într-un termen rezonabil, conţinutul legii străine, se aplică legea română.

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    Art. 2563

    Art. 2563: Interpretarea şi aplicarea legii străine Legea străină se interpretează şi se aplică potrivit regulilor de interpretare şi aplicare existente în sistemul de drept căruia îi aparţine.

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    Art. 2641

    Art. 2641: Legea aplicabilă obligaţiilor extracontractuale (1)Legea aplicabilă obligaţiilor extracontractuale se determină potrivit reglementărilor dreptului Uniunii Europene. (2)În materiile care nu intră sub incidenţa reglementărilor Uniunii Europene se aplică legea care cârmuieşte fondul raportului juridic preexistent între părţi, dacă nu se prevede altfel prin convenţii internaţionale sau prin dispoziţii speciale.

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28. 28
    Sursa 28: Regulamentul (CE) nr. 864/2007 — Roma IINormă · Roma II, art. 4 și 15; PDF pp. 5, 7. · forma din 11 iulie 2007Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Article 4 · limba originalului: en

    Article 4 General rule 1. Unless otherwise provided for in this Regulation, the law applicable to a non-contractual obligation arising out of a tort/delict shall be the law of the country in which the damage occurs irrespective of the country in which the event giving rise to the damage occurred and irrespective of the country or coun- tries in which the indirect consequences of that event occur. 2. However, where the person claimed to be liable and the person sustaining damage both have their habitual residence in the same country at the time when the damage occurs, the law of that country shall apply. 3. Where it is clear from all the circumstances of the case that the tort/delict is manifestly more closely connected with a coun- try other than that indicated in paragraphs 1 or 2, the law of that other country shall apply. A manifestly closer connection with another country might be based in particular on a pre- existing relationship between the parties, such as a contract, that is closely connected with the tort/delict in question.

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29. 29
    Sursa 29: Regulamentul (CE) nr. 864/2007 — Roma IINormă · Roma II, art. 15 lit. h), PDF p. 7. · forma din 11 iulie 2007Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Art. 15; PDF p. 7 · limba originalului: en

    The law applicable to non-contractual obligations under this Regulation shall govern in particular: (a) the basis and extent of liability, including the determination of persons who may be held liable for acts performed by them; (b) the grounds for exemption from liability, any limitation of liability and any division of liability; (c) the existence, the nature and the assessment of damage or the remedy claimed; (d) within the limits of powers conferred on the court by its procedural law, the measures which a court may take to prevent or terminate injury or damage or to ensure the provision of compensation; (e) the question whether a right to claim damages or a remedy may be transferred, including by inheritance; (f) persons entitled to compensation for damage sustained personally; (g) liability for the acts of another person; (h) the manner in which an obligation may be extinguished and rules of prescription and limitation, including rules relating to the commencement, interruption and suspension of a period of prescription or limitation.

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30. 30
    Sursa 30: Codul de procedură civilă — Legea nr. 134/2010, Portal, forma 14.12.2025Lege · Cod procedură civilă, art. 1065 și 1088–1089; Portal, Cartea a VII-a. · forma din 14 decembrie 2025Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Art. 1065

    Art. 1065: Domeniul de aplicare Dispoziţiile prezentei cărţi se aplică proceselor de drept privat cu elemente de extraneitate în măsura în care prin tratatele internaţionale la care România este parte, prin dreptul Uniunii Europene sau prin legi speciale nu se prevede altfel.

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31. 31
    Sursa 31: Regulamentul (UE) nr. 1215/2012 — Bruxelles I bis, consolidare 26.02.2015Normă · Bruxelles I bis, art. 62–63; PDF pp. 31–32. · forma din 26 februarie 2015Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Article 62 · limba originalului: en

    Article 62 1. In order to determine whether a party is domiciled in the Member State whose courts are seised of a matter, the court shall apply its internal law. 2. If a party is not domiciled in the Member State whose courts are seised of the matter, then, in order to determine whether the party is domiciled in another Member State, the court shall apply the law of that Member State.

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    Article 63 · limba originalului: en

    Article 63 1. For the purposes of this Regulation, a company or other legal person or association of natural or legal persons is domiciled at the place where it has its: (a) statutory seat; (b) central administration; or (c) principal place of business. 2. For the purposes of Ireland, Cyprus and the United Kingdom, ‘statutory seat’ means the registered office or, where there is no such office anywhere, the place of incorporation or, where there is no such place anywhere, the place under the law of which the formation took place. 3. In order to determine whether a trust is domiciled in the Member State whose courts are seised of the matter, the court shall apply its rules of private international law.

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32. 32
    Sursa 32: Codul civil — Legea nr. 287/2009 (copia FGA/Sintact din 19.03.2026)Lege · Cod civil, art. 2562–2563; copia FGA/Sintact 19.03.2026, PDF p. 592. · forma din 19 martie 2026Textul oficial ↗Explicația noastră a actului →

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    Art. 2562

    Art. 2562: Conţinutul legii străine (1)Conţinutul legii străine se stabileşte de instanţa judecătorească prin atestări obţinute de la organele statului care au edictat-o, prin avizul unui expert sau printr-un alt mod adecvat. (2)Partea care invocă o lege străină poate fi obligată să facă dovada conţinutului ei. (3)În cazul imposibilităţii de a stabili, într-un termen rezonabil, conţinutul legii străine, se aplică legea română.

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    Art. 2563

    Art. 2563: Interpretarea şi aplicarea legii străine Legea străină se interpretează şi se aplică potrivit regulilor de interpretare şi aplicare existente în sistemul de drept căruia îi aparţine.

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